Part I: [51 pts]: Choose the one BEST answer. Circle its letter, write it in the blank, or fill in the blank, as indicated. Read each question and all the choices carefully because more than one answer might seem correct at first glance. For the non-standard questions, read instructions carefully! 1 pt each

1. Which of the following is NOT neuroglial?
a. Schwann cell
b. oligodendrocyte
c. perikaryon
d. satellite cell
e. astrocyte

2. A sheet-like layer of connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to another muscle or to the periosteum of bone is a(n)
a. aponeurosis
b. subserous fascia
c. deep fascia
d. ligament
e. tendon

3. Myelin may be found in
a. peripheral nervous system
b. central nervous system
c. anywhere in the body
d. a and b
e. all of the above

4. Myelin may be found in
a. peripheral nervous system
b. central nervous system
c. anywhere in the body
d. a and b
e. all of the above

5. Epimysium
a. is the connective tissue wrapping an entire muscle
b. may be continuous with a fibrous periosteum
c. continuous with perimysium and endomysium
d. a and b
e. all of the above

6. The cells primarily responsible for the blood-brain barrier are
a. oligodendrocytes
b. astrocytes
c. microglia
d. a and b
e. all of the above

7. The neural tube includes structures which will become
a. brain
b. spinal cord
c. sympathetic chain ganglia
d. a and b
e. all of the above

8. Joints in which there is a space between articulating bones are
a. fibrous
b. cartilaginous
c. synovial
d. a and b
e. all of the above

9. The ability of a muscle to return to its original shape after contraction or extension is
a. contractility
b. extensibility
c. elasticity
d. excitability
e. irritability

10. A motor neuron plus the muscle fibers it innervates is a
a. motor unit
b. neuromuscular junction
c. fascicle
d. sarcomere
e. myo-unit

11. A myofiber is
a. one cell
b. a light filament plus a heavy filament
c. one row of sarcomeres
d. actinomyosin
e. an axon innervating a muscle

12. Movement of a bone away from the midline is
a. adduction
b. adduction
c. flexion
d. extension
e. protraction

13. Normal knee movements include
a. flexion
b. extension
c. rotation
d. a and b
e. all of the above

14. Which of the following is true of sensory (ascending) pathways?
a. all sensory pathways synapse at the thalamus before entering the cerebrum
b. only the olfactory pathway goes directly to the cerebrum without synapsing at the thalamus
c. only the optic pathway goes directly to the cerebrum without synapsing at the thalamus
d. all sensory pathways employ cranial nerves
e. all sensory pathways that ascend in cranial nerves go directly to the cerebrum without synapsing at the thalamus

15. When a muscle is named for its action it could be named
a. levator or extensor
b. pronator or supinator
c. rotator or arrector
d. a and b
e. all of the above

16. A muscle named for its fascicle arrangement, in which fascicles are parallel to the midline is
a. transverse
b. oblique
c. rectus
d. medialis
e. femoris

17. The cerebellum develops from the embryonic
a. prosencephalon
b. mesencephalon
c. rhombencephalon
d. neural crest
e. infundibulum

18. When a muscle is named for its shape it could be named
a. deltoid or trapezius
b. brachii or brevis
c. rhomboideus or longissimus
d. a and b
e. all of the above

19. What is the function of a fontanel?
a. it allows the bones of the skull to grow faster
b. it prevents the bones of the skull from growing too fast
c. it allows the bones of the skull to slide past each other
d. it increases the blood supply to the skull
e. it increases the blood supply to the brain

20. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of (at least some) synovial joints?
a. articular cartilage
b. symphysis cartilage
c. fibrocartilaginous menisci
d. capsular ligaments
e. bursae

PART II: Fill in the blanks (use line at left). 1 point each.

1. Cerebrospinal fluid is made by the

2. White matter consists primarily of

3. Gray matter consists primarily of

4. Major somatic motor areas are located in what brain area?

5. What is the primary function of cranial nerve I?

6. What is the primary function of the pineal body?

7. What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

8. Broca’s (motor speech) area is found in which lobe?

9. Where is the posterior choroid plexus found?

10. What is proprioception?

Part III: Choose 6 of the following 7 questions. 10 points each [total 60 points] NOTE: you must answer 1&2

1-2. Two distinct lever systems are used to plantar flex the foot depending on whether the foot is free or resting on a solid surface (pointing the toes versus standing on toes). Describe these two systems, naming the main bones and muscles involved, and explaining their functions. Which are the major agonists/ synergists/ antagonists for flexion? -- for extension of the foot? Diagram the entire system, and label your diagram.

Two distinct lever systems are employed in order to flex and extend the forearm. Describe these two systems, naming the bones and muscles involved, and explaining their functions. Which are the major agonists/ synergists/ antagonists for flexion? -- for extension? Diagram the entire system, and label your diagram.

3. Choose a movement to demonstrate the lever class which you did not illustrate in #1&2. Follow the guidelines: (a) sketch the lever system, showing - and labeling (by proper name):

the primary skeletal elements

the agonist

(b) indicate the position of the fulcrum, "weight", and "force" positions and directions

© name the primary antagonist

(d) name at least two synergists and explain the synergy.

(e) remember to label the sketch: which lever are you illustrating & what movement have you chosen for that demonstration?

(f) include any explanation needed to clarify your demonstration. A labeled diagram alone is NOT sufficient.

4. Describe the structures which protect the central nervous system from physical damage. A labeled diagram may help but is NOT sufficient. Name and describe the structures themselves, and briefly explain how they function as protection for the CNS structures. Be sure that you include: where cerebrospinal is fluid made & where it goes; not just a list of the meninges - briefly describe their structures and functions; etc.

5. Describe a "typical" synovial joint, and diagram its components. One way to answer this is to describe, briefly, the function of each labeled part. Bonus: include menisci

6. List the 6 different major structural categories of joints, and relate structure to mobility (3 possible levels). A table (chart) is probably the most straight-forward way to do this. For each structural category (synovial, for example), give an example of one in the body. [This does not ask about, for example, "gliding" versus "hinge", but rather extent of movement possible] bonus for examples that don’t fit the "rules".

7. a. Compare and contrast the terms "nucleus" and "ganglion"; "nerve" and "tract". Explain what each term means and their distinguishing characteristics, where examples of each would be found and what they are for, and the significance of the distinctions.

b. Explain the importance of gyri and sulci in the cerebral cortex. What sort of tissue is found there (white or gray matter? cells or fibers? etc.)? How would the cortex function differently if there were no (or fewer, smaller) gyri and sulci?

bonus: Write a question that you studied for, and forgetful me, I neglected to ask. Answer your question. PLEASE ask yourself something you can answer well! PLEASE answer the question you actually ask. [up to 5 points awarded based on question & answer]