Part I: [20 pts]: Choose the one BEST answer. Circle its letter. Read each question and all 5 choices carefully because more than one answer might seem correct at first glance. 1 pt each

1. Postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic trunk to a spinal nerve are found in
a. prevertebral ganglion
b. gray ramus communicans
c. white ramus communicans
d. inferior cervical ganglion
e. vagus nerve

2. The left and right atria are separated by
a. coronary sulcus
b. interatrial septum
c. interventricular septum
d. a and b
e. all of the above

3. Sensing which of the following is NOT considered to be a component of proprioception?
a. degree of muscle contraction
b. tension on a tendon
c. pressure that may cause tissue damage
d. movement of the head
e. orientation of the head with respect to gravity

4. Which of the following cranial nerves is involved in moving the eye?
a. III - oculomotor
b. IV - trochlear
c. VI - abducens
d. a and b
e. all of the above

5. Hormones play a role in regulating all of the following EXCEPT
a. metabolic rate
b. immune system function
c. growth
d. reproduction
e. none of the above -- all are regulated (to some degree) by hormones

6. Which of the following prevents blood backflow?
a. bicuspid valve
b. tricuspid valve
c. semilunar valve
d. a and b
e. all of the above

7. The pituitary gland is located in the
a. sella turcica
b. tuber cinereum
c. glenoid fossa
d. adenohypophysis
e. infundibulum

8. The pericardium
a. surrounds and protects the heart
b. provides greater freedom of movement for heart contraction
c. consists of two layers: fibrous pericardium and elastic pericardium
d. a and b
e. all of the above

9. The posterior column includes
a. fasciculus gracilis
b. fasciculus cuneatus
c. posterior root ganglion
d. a and b
e. all of the above

10. Endocrine glands affect specific targets by
a. establishing a physical path from the stimulating organ to the target
b. producing products that affect only those tissues with specific receptors that will react chemically
c. timing their activity so that only targets are ready
d. a and b
e. all of the above

11. The external ear includes
a. auricle or pinna
b. external auditory canal
c. ceruminous glands
d. a and b
e. all of the above

12. The lacrimal apparatus is responsible for production and/or drainage of
a. tears
b. earwax
c. mucus
d. saliva
e. all of the above

13. Which of the following is a descending tract?
a. fasciculus gracilis
b. spinothalamic tract
c. rubrospinal tract
d. corpus callosum
e. superior cerebellar peduncle

14. Right and left ventricles are separated by the
a. interventricular septum
b. semilunar valve
c. bicuspid valve
d. coronary sinus
e. foramen ovale

15. Neurons affect specific targets by
a. establishing a physical path from the stimulating organ to the target
b. producing products that affect only those tissues with specific receptors that will react chemically
c. timing their activity so that only targets are ready
d. a and b
e. all of the above

16. Which gland is involved in regulating our normal day/night cycle?
a. hypothalamus
b. pituitary
c. pineal
d. pancreas
e. mammary body

17. Autonomic ganglia located on either side of the vertebral column from the base of the skull to the coccyx are called
a. prevertebral ganglia
b. collateral ganglia
c. terminal ganglia
d. basal ganglia
e. sympathetic trunk ganglia

18. Stimulation of the vagus (X) nerve
a. increases conductivity of the heart tissue
b. increases heart rate
c. decreases excitability of the heart
d. decreases the inhibitory mechanisms of the heart
e. has the same effect as the adrenal gland

19. Exocrine glands affect specific targets by
a. establishing a physical path from the stimulating organ to the target
b. producing products that affect only those tissues with specific receptors that will react chemically
c. timing their activity so that only targets are ready
d. a and b
e. all of the above

20. Eye rotation is accomplished by
a. superior rectus
b. inferior rectus
c. inferior oblique
d. medial rectus
e. eyes do not rotate - they are already round

Part II: [20 pts]: Matching: write the letter of the tract which is primarily responsible for each function. You may use a letter more than once; not every letter must be used. One letter for each answer.

pain

conscious proprioception

fine motor control

deep pressure (conscious)

visceral pain (conscious)

light (detailed) touch (conscious)

maintaining posture (motor)

balance, equilibrium

proprioception (subconscious)

salivary gland secretion

increase heart rate

decrease heart rate

dilating pupil

taste

olfaction

"crossing" ones eyes

closing ones eyes

muscle tone

knee jerk

increasing digestive system function

A. anterior spinothalamic tract

B. lateral spinothalamic tract

C. sympathetic nervous system

D. parasympathetic nervous system

E. cranial nerve

bonus: 1 point for naming the right one

F. anterior or medial reticulospinal tract

G. posterior or anterior spinocerebellar

H. reflex

Part III: [6 pts]: For each, indicate whether it is (a) exocrine, (b) endocrine, (c) both, (d) neither.

pancreas pituitary

pineal ovary, testis

parotid salivary gland trapezius

Part IV: [6 pts each]: Short essay: Be sure that your answers are focussed and answer the question posed. Choose 9 (omit 2).

1. Name and briefly describe the structure and function of the layers of the heart.

2. Compare the structure of arteries and veins. You do not need to compare all the different types of arteries, just the general structure of arteries with the general structure of veins. How do the differences in their structures relate to their different functions?

3. Why do atrioventricular valves have chordae tendinae but semi-lunar valves do not? Compare the structure and function of these two classes of heart valve.

4. Diagram a simple reflex, labeling all of the component structures and cells (cells, cells parts, and the locations of important structures and events). Briefly explain what happens in this simple reflex. Indicate how a reflex might be more complex (at least two ways) and how information can also be conveyed to the brain.

5. Describe the anatomy of the vestibular portion of the inner ear, and briefly, how it functions. A labeled diagram will be a good way to answer most (but not all) of this question.

6. Sketch the path of sound through the ear, and label your sketch. Be sure to include pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, all the ossicles (labeled individually), the round and oval windows, the cochlea including its three channels.

7. Explain how we hear sounds of different pitches (tone). Be sure to mention the important anatomical structures involved. Be sure to describe the organ of Corti. (This may be combined with #6 to avoid repetition.)

8. Sketch the path of light through the eye, and label your sketch. Be sure to include all of the clear structures, the spaces, cavities and chambers, and indicate what material fills each space. Complete the tunics to surround the eye, labeling the posterior portions as well.

9. Describe the main mechanisms we use to control the light which shines through the eye. This has two parts: controlling how much light enters, and focussing that light. Be sure to mention the anatomical structures involved, and briefly what they do. (This may be combined with #9 to avoid repetition.)

10. What is a nerve plexus? Give an example of a plexus. Explain, in general terms, how a plexus works, and how having a plexus is beneficial.

11. Compare the structure of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Mention where they originate in the central nervous system, where their ganglia are, and the characteristic routes that their fibers take to the targets. Briefly discuss the functions of the two systems, and give one example of their actions. (labeled diagram(s) might help)

bonus: Write a question that you studied for, and forgetful me, I neglected to ask. Answer your question. PLEASE ask yourself something you can answer well! PLEASE answer the question you actually ask. [up to 5 points awarded based on question & answer]